Question 2. 

Stomach

A. Name the organ | stomach

B. Name any 4 types of cell types seen in the mucosa | simple columnar epithelium, parietal, mucous-neck, paneth, enteroendocrine cells

C. What is the muscularis externa composed of? How many layers should be present? 3 layers of SMC: inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

Question 3. 

Esophagus

A. Name the organ | esophagus

B. Classify the epithelium | stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

C. Classify the glands that are present in the submucosa | compound tubulo-alveolar glands (esophageal glands), mucosa = tubular glands (cardiac)

D. Specifically where is this section taken from in the organ? upper 3rd (all skeletal)

Question 4. 

Jejunum | Duodenum | Ileum

A. Name the organ | jejunum

B. Name a MAJOR key ID

Duodenum | leaf shaped villi, Brunner’s glands

Jejunum | long finger-like villi, nothing

Ileum | few, narrow, club like villi, Peyer’s patches (lymph nodules)

C. Name the structures that contribute to the organ’s absorptive capabilities

Microvilli (brush border cells)

Villi

Plicae circulares (Valves of Kerkring)

Question 5. 

Colon

A. Name the organ | colon

B. Name a KEY ID | teniae coli

C. Name one feature that differentiates it from the stomach

No folds (ruggae)

Lymph nodules

Teniae coli

No paneth cells

LOTS of goblet cells

D. What is the name of bands of smooth muscle seen in the muscularis externa?

Inner circular

Teniae coli (outer longitudinal)

Question 6. 

Recto-anal Junction

A. Name the 3 types of epithelium seen

Rectum | simple columnar epithelium

Anal canal | stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

Anus | stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

B. Where is it? recto-anal junction

C. Why do we see skeletal muscle and smooth muscle? sphincter

Question 7. 

Gallbladder

A. Name the organ | gallbladder

B. Classify the epithelium | simple columnar epithelium

C. What is the function of the organ | stores bile

D. Name a key ID feature of this organ | poorly developed layers, no submucosa, folded (empty), extended (full)

Question 8. 

Pancreas

 A. Name the organ | pancreas

B. Name the endocrine portion | Islets of Langerhans

C. Classify glands of the exocrine portion | serous acinar glands

Question 9. 

Liver

A. Name the organ | liver

B. Name the main cell of the parenchyma| hepatocytes

C. Name the white space blood flows through | sinusoids

D. Name the spaces that bile flows through | bile canniculi

E. Name the three structures found at the corner of the CT septa | hepatic arteriole, portal vein, bile duct, lymph vessels

Question 10. 

Trachea

A. Name the organ | trachea

B. Classify the epithelium | pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

C. Classify the prominent connective tissue types of both the mucosa (areolar/loose CT) and submucosa (dense irregular CT)

C. What organ is directly adjacent to this organ anatomically? esophagus

Question 11. 

Lung

A. Name the structure (bronchus or bronchiole) | bronchiole

B. Classify the epithelium of this structure |ciliated simple columnar epithelium

C. Name and classify the cell types important for gas exchange and surfactant production in this organ | type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes

Question 12. 

Kidney

A. Name the organ | kidney

B. Name the regions of this organ | cortex, medulla, capsule

C. Classify the epithelium of the tubules | simple cuboidal

D. Where would one find squamous epithelium in this organ? thin descending loop of Henle, corpuscle, lining blood vessels of outer layers of Bowman’s capsule

Question 13. 

Urinary Bladder

A. Name the organ | urinary bladder

B. Classify the epithelium | transitional

C. Where else can this epithelium be found in the body | ureter

Question 14. 

Appendicitis 

A. Name the pathology | appendicitis

B. What is the likely etiology of the pathology | viral

C. Give 1 reason you think this is the etiology| no obstruction in lumen (fecalith)

D. What are the hallmarks of this type of inflammation

Changes to lymphoid tissue

PMNs

Thickening of wall

Fluid exudate

Muscle layer pulled apart

Question 15. 

Tuberculosis 

A. Name the pathology | tuberculosis

B. What is the structure surrounded by the macrophage Giant cells? granuloma, tubercule, caseous necrosis

C. Name 2 key IDs | PMNs, lymphocytes, necrotic tissue, Langhan’s giant cells, no normal lung tissue, fibrosis

Question 16. 

Emphysema

A. Name the pathology | emphysema

B. What connective tissue protein is degraded | elastic/elastic fibres

C. Name a key ID | alveolar spaces enlarged, thickening of alveolar walls due to inflammation

Question 17. 

Peptic Ulcer

A. Name the pathology | ulcer

B. Name two key features | layers disrupted, epithelium destroyed, inflammatory cells, necrotic tissue, fibrous tissue with granular tissue

Name 2 inflammatory cell types you should see in the tissue | PMNs, lymphocytes, plasma, monocytes (macrophages)